>vmlinuz</TT
>, which
have been used in recent Linux kernel source packages.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="BINESSENTIALUSERCOMMANDBINARIES2"
>/bin : Essential user command binaries (for use by all users)</A
></H3
><P
>Linux systems which require them place these additional files into
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/bin</TT
>:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>setserial</B
></P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="DEVDEVICESANDSPECIALFILES"
>/dev : Devices and special files</A
></H3
><P
>The following devices must exist under /dev.
<P
></P
><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/dev/null</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>All data written to this device is discarded. A read from this device
will return an EOF condition.</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/dev/zero</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>This device is a source of zeroed out data. All data written to this
device is discarded. A read from this device will return as many bytes
containing the value zero as was requested.</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/dev/tty</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>This device is a synonym for the controlling terminal of a
process. Once this device is opened, all reads and writes will behave
as if the actual controlling terminal device had been opened.</P
></DD
></DL
></DIV
>
<DIV
CLASS="TIP"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="TIP"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="25"
ALIGN="CENTER"
VALIGN="TOP"
><IMG
SRC="tip.gif"
HSPACE="5"
ALT="Tip"></TD
><TH
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Rationale</B
></TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
> </TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><P
>Previous versions of the FHS had stricter requirements for
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/dev</TT
>. Other devices may also exist in
/dev. Device names may exist as symbolic links to other device nodes
located in /dev or subdirectories of /dev. There is no requirement
concerning major/minor number values.</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
> </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="ETCHOSTSPECIFICSYSTEMCONFIGURATION2"
>/etc : Host-specific system configuration</A
></H3
><P
>Linux systems which require them place these additional files into
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc</TT
>.</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>lilo.conf</TT
></P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="LIB64"
>/lib64 and /lib32 : 64/32-bit libraries (architecture dependent)</A
></H3
><P
> The 64-bit architectures PPC64, s390x, sparc64 and AMD64 must place
64-bit libraries in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/lib64</TT
>, and 32-bit
(or 31-bit on s390) libraries in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/lib</TT
>.</P
><P
>The 64-bit architecture IA64 must place 64-bit libraries in
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/lib</TT
>.
<DIV
CLASS="TIP"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="TIP"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="25"
ALIGN="CENTER"
VALIGN="TOP"
><IMG
SRC="tip.gif"
HSPACE="5"
ALT="Tip"></TD
><TH
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Rationale</B
></TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
> </TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><P
>This is a refinement of the general rules for
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/lib<qual></TT
> and
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/lib<qual></TT
>. The architectures PPC64,
s390x, sparc64 and AMD64 support support both 32-bit (for s390 more
precise 31-bit) and 64-bit programs. Using <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>lib</TT
>
for 32-bit binaries allows existing binaries from the 32-bit systems
to work without any changes: such binaries are expected to be numerous.
IA-64 uses a different scheme, reflecting the deprecation of 32-bit
binaries (and hence libraries) on that architecture.</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="PROCKERNELANDPROCESSINFORMATIONVIR"
>/proc : Kernel and process information virtual filesystem</A
></H3
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>proc</TT
> filesystem is the de-facto
standard Linux method for handling process and system information,
rather than <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/dev/kmem</TT
> and other similar methods.
We strongly encourage this for the storage and retrieval of process
information as well as other kernel and memory information.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECTION"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECTION"
><A
NAME="SBINESSENTIALSYSTEMBINARIES"
>/sbin : Essential system binaries</A
></H3
><P
>Linux systems place these additional files into <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/sbin</TT
>.</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
><P
>Second extended filesystem commands (optional):</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>badblocks</B
></P
></LI
><LI
STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>dumpe2fs</B
></P
></LI
><LI
STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>e2fsck</B
></P
></LI
><LI
STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>mke2fs</B
></P
></LI
><LI
STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>mklost+found</B
></P
></LI
><LI
STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>tune2fs</B
></P
></LI
></UL
></LI
><LI
STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
><P
>Boot-loader map installer (optional):</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>lilo</B
></P
></LI
></UL
></LI
></UL
><P
>Optional files for /sbin:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
><P
>Static binaries:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ldconfig</B
></P
></LI
><LI
STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>sln</B
></P
></LI
><LI
STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ssync</B
></P
></LI
></UL
><P
>Static <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ln</B
> (<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>sln</B
>) and
static <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>sync</B
> (<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ssync</B
>) are
useful when things go wrong. The primary use of
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>sln</B
> (to repair incorrect symlinks in
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/lib</TT
> after a poorly orchestrated upgrade) is no
longer a major concern now that the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ldconfig</B
>
program (usually located in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/sbin</TT
>) exists and
can act as a guiding hand in upgrading the dynamic libraries.